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ENA, an introduction (11)
New material (21)
Press (24)
Contact (3)
HISTORICAL EVENTS
Introduction (11)
1945-1949 The pioneering phase (1200)
Europe in ruins in the aftermath of the Second World War (222)
The human consequences (26)
The economic and social consequences (60)
UNRRA (27)
The political consequences (124)
Nazism and the European idea (8)
The Resistance and the European idea (14)
The division of Europe (23)
The decline of the European powers (7)
Political instability in Western Europe (30)
The Communists (19)
The Socialists (11)
The Christian Democratic movement (11)
The beginning of the Cold War (329)
The division of Germany (199)
The Berlin Blockade (55)
Foundation of the FRG (34)
Foundation of the GDR (22)
The USSR and the creation of the buffer zone (57)
The United States (26)
The first confrontations between the two blocs (26)
The Civil War in Greece (13)
The Revolution in China (12)
The Marshall Plan and the establishment of the OEEC (138)
The European idea (202)
The Christian culture (17)
The united Europe of the Socialists (6)
Winston Churchill's Zurich speech (14)
The federalist movements (67)
The Union of European Federalists (21)
The Socialist Movement for the United States of Europe (20)
The Nouvelles Équipes Internationales (9)
The European League for Economic Cooperation (8)
The federalist congresses (56)
Montreux (12)
Gstaad (27)
The Hague (13)
The European Movement (20)
Political cooperation (95)
The Members of the Council of Europe (32)
The activities of the Council of Europe (45)
Economic cooperation (110)
Benelux (47)
The Tripartite Council of Economic Cooperation (4)
Plans for a customs union (11)
The European Payments Union (24)
The European Coal Organisation (8)
The Economic Commission for Europe (10)
Military cooperation (96)
Western Union (54)
NATO (41)
Scientific cooperation (7)
1950-1956 The formation of the community of Europe (2013)
The birth of the community of Europe (1081)
The origins of the Schuman Plan (336)
The organisational vacuum (52)
The international context (36)
Franco-German problems (211)
The Saar question (116)
The issue of the Ruhr (53)
The Jean Monnet Plan (36)
The declaration of 9 May 1950 (203)
Political support (17)
Necessary discretion (17)
The press conference given by Robert Schuman (26)
Reactions to the 9 May 1950 declaration (142)
In France (31)
In Germany (27)
In the Benelux countries (25)
In Italy (7)
In the United Kingdom (39)
In the United States (8)
In the USSR (4)
The creation of the ECSC (301)
The negotiations of the ECSC Treaty (166)
The signing of the ECSC Treaty (51)
Ratification of the ECSC Treaty (83)
The beginnings of the ECSC (240)
The economic and social role (97)
The political role (12)
The ECSC in difficulties (38)
The organisation of common defence (283)
The European Defence Community (197)
The need for German rearmament (36)
The idea of the EDC (67)
The refusal to ratify the EDC Treaty (93)
Western European Union (85)
Plans for European sectoral union (137)
The European Political Community (EPC) (42)
The green pool (50)
The white pool (13)
The transport pool (18)
The demands of the European Movement (9)
Nordic cooperation (16)
Plans for a Scandinavian defence union (1)
The Nordic Council (7)
Plans for a Nordic customs union and common market (7)
The beginnings of decolonisation and the emergence of the non-aligned states (145)
Decolonisation (54)
The Bandung Conference (22)
The Suez Crisis (58)
Relations between the two blocs (205)
The Korean War (33)
The Berlin question (19)
The agreement on Austrian neutrality (78)
The Hungarian Revolt (38)
East-West dialogue (36)
The revival of European integration (145)
Plans for a revival (38)
A European atomic energy community (14)
A European customs union (8)
The Messina Conference (26)
The Spaak Committee (41)
The Venice Conference (17)
1957-1968 Successes and crises (1445)
The establishment of the EEC and Euratom (278)
Preparation of the Rome Treaties (122)
Positions on the Common Market (17)
Positions on Euratom (35)
The signing of the Rome Treaties (97)
Ratification of the Rome Treaties (28)
Overseas countries and territories (30)
The failure of Euratom (104)
Differences in nuclear policy (32)
The causes of the failure (54)
The introduction of common policies (141)
The common agricultural policy (75)
The different national forms of agriculture (8)
The setting up of the CAP (40)
Difficult beginnings (23)
European Customs Union (45)
The setting up of the Customs Union (25)
The EEC and GATT (16)
Common market in transport (10)
The crises and the relaunch of the EEC (420)
French foreign policy (189)
Franco-American relations (11)
France and NATO (35)
De Gaulle and Europe (43)
The Fouchet Plans (46)
The Franco-German Treaty of Friendship (45)
The crisis of the EEC (151)
The causes of the crisis (20)
The empty chair crisis (73)
The Luxembourg Compromise (47)
The relaunch (72)
The European Parliamentary Assembly (14)
Merging the executives (31)
The question of location (26)
The United Kingdom and its applications for accession to the Common Market (233)
The end of a great power (12)
The United Kingdom's first application for accession to the Common Market (140)
Difficult negotiations (44)
General de Gaulle's first veto (49)
The United Kingdom's second application for accession to the Common Market (75)
The reaction of the Six to the United Kingdom's second application for accession (8)
General de Gaulle's second veto (57)
Plans for a free-trade area and the birth of EFTA (68)
The British proposal for a single free trade area (2)
The birth of EFTA (47)
The EEC and the two blocs (46)
Relations between the USA and the EEC (15)
The attitude of the USSR towards the EEC (20)
Cold War crises (154)
The Cuban crisis (33)
The Berlin crisis (69)
The invasion of Czechoslovakia (43)
1969-1979 Crises and revival (1474)
The Hague Summit (64)
Completion (2)
Deepening (2)
Enlargement (4)
The implementation of the decisions taken at The Hague (5)
Reform of the CAP (71)
Political cooperation (90)
The Davignon proposals (12)
How European Political Cooperation worked in practice (40)
The Tindemans Report (28)
Economic and monetary cooperation (277)
Monetary cooperation (70)
The Werner Plan (46)
The group of experts (3)
The proposals (14)
Reactions to the Werner Plan (28)
The EMCF (5)
Monetary disturbances in Europe (44)
The collapse of the Bretton Woods System (22)
Monetary compensatory amounts (6)
The European currency snake (62)
The proposals of Karl Schiller (14)
The tunnel (7)
The snake (7)
The snake in trouble (33)
The European Monetary System (93)
Franco-German rapprochement (13)
The creation of the EMS (59)
The creation of the ECU (9)
The pivotal rates (3)
The operation of the EMS (10)
The first enlargement (465)
Negotiations with the United Kingdom (271)
The United Kingdom's accession (66)
The British request for renegotiation (57)
The British contribution (38)
Negotiations with Ireland, Denmark and Norway (163)
Ireland's entry into the Community (35)
Denmark's accession (48)
Norway's refusal (48)
The new European Parliament (124)
The electoral systems (9)
The first elections by universal suffrage (35)
European political groups (35)
Institutional reform (19)
The Report of the Three Wise Men (8)
The Spierenburg Report (6)
The Commission report on the European Union (4)
The EEC as a major player in international relations (139)
Redefining links with EFTA (10)
Trade relations with the United States (45)
Relations with the ACP States (19)
Relations with the Middle East and the oil crises (57)
Relations between the two blocs (224)
The Vietnam War (32)
East-West policy (45)
The Helsinki Summit (17)
The Ostpolitik of the FRG (102)
Renewal of tensions (27)
1980-1986 Enlargement to the south and the Single European Act (662)
Enlargement to the south (386)
Second enlargement: Greece (95)
Third enlargement: Spain and Portugal (276)
The accession of Portugal (120)
The accession of Spain (80)
The reservations of France and other Member States (53)
The EU institutions and European Political Cooperation (47)
European Political Cooperation (EPC) (41)
How European Political Cooperation worked (12)
The European Council (7)
A People's Europe (31)
Public opinion and the Eurobarometer (4)
The European passport (7)
Plans for a European Union (56)
The Commission's proposals (10)
The German-Italian proposals (26)
The European Parliament's proposals (15)
The Single European Act (SEA) (141)
Preparations for the Single European Act (85)
The signing of the Single European Act (16)
The provisions of the Single European Act (39)
1987-1997 The European Union in a Europe in the throes of change (1465)
The single market (37)
The Commission's White Paper and proposals (11)
The reform of the CAP (35)
Reform of the Community budget:The Delors Packages (38)
Towards Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) (75)
The Delors Report (25)
The first stage of Economic and Monetary Union (49)
The Treaty on European Union (267)
Intergovernmental negotiations (44)
The Intergovernmental Conference on Political Union (23)
The Intergovernmental Conference on Economic and Monetary Union (20)
The Treaty on European Union (97)
The signing of the Treaty on European Union (17)
Hard-won ratification (62)
The first pillar of the European Union (92)
The second stage of Economic and Monetary Union (91)
The second pillar of the European Union: common foreign and security policy (25)
The third pillar of the European Union: justice and home affairs (8)
Europol (7)
The European Economic Area (EEA) (56)
The fourth enlargement (191)
Events leading up to the fourth enlargement of the European Union (62)
Negotiations for accession to the European Union (44)
The accession of Austria, Finland and Sweden to the European Union (81)
Jacques Delors steps down and the new Santer Commission takes office (47)
The Treaty of Amsterdam (157)
Intergovernmental negotiations (70)
The provisions of the Treaty of Amsterdam (20)
An area of freedom, security and justice (27)
The Schengen Area (39)
The end of the Cold War and geopolitical change in Europe (562)
The Eastern bloc in the throes of change (191)
Gorbachev's reforms in the Soviet Union (21)
The collapse of the Communist regimes in Eastern Europe (78)
The break-up of the USSR and the resurgence of national identities (44)
European Community aid to the former Eastern bloc (47)
Reunification of a divided Germany (159)
The collapse of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) (32)
The international issue of German reunification (49)
The Treaty on the Final Settlement with respect to Germany (23)
Chancellor Kohl's role in reunification (42)
The Yugoslav conflict and European Community diplomacy (48)
The reshaping of Europe (163)
From the CSCE to the OSCE (31)
The Visegrad Group and CEFTA (18)
NATO (25)
A new impetus for the Council of Europe (29)
The regeneration of Western European Union (33)
The Eurocorps (26)
1998-2009 The unification of Europe (1399)
Agenda 2000 and the 2000-2006 financial perspective (96)
Economic and social cohesion (19)
The new common agricultural policy (41)
European Commission crisis (48)
The third stage of Economic and Monetary Union (167)
The Stability and Growth Pact (21)
The fight against unemployment (19)
The Charter of fundamental rights of the European Union (29)
The Treaty of Nice (124)
The political implications of the enlargement of the European Union (45)
The Nice European Council (44)
The signing and ratification of the Treaty of Nice (34)
The enlargements of the European Union (584)
The fifth enlargement (383)
The accession negotiations (223)
The Treaty of Accession and ratification (49)
The accession of the 10 new Member States (44)
The sixth enlargement (81)
How far should enlargement go ? (24)
The case of Turkey (94)
A Constitution for Europe (350)
The background to the Constitution (42)
The European Convention (80)
The 2003-2004 Intergovernmental Conference (44)
The Constitutional Treaty of 29 October 2004 (183)
EUROPEAN ORGANISATIONS
Introduction (65)
European Union (3108)
Origin and development (283)
The founding of the European Communities (33)
From the Communities to the European Union (57)
The founding and reforms of the European Union (64)
The Maastricht Treaty of 7 February 1992 (11)
The Amsterdam Treaty of 2 October 1997 (12)
The Nice Treaty of 26 February 2001 (11)
The expiry of the ECSC Treaty in 2002 (21)
The re-founding of the European Union (114)
The Constitutional Treaty of 29 October 2004 (49)
Composition (137)
The EU institutions (2166)
European Parliament (415)
Composition (109)
Election of Members (66)
Number and distribution of seats (14)
Statute for Members (21)
Organisation and operation (127)
Organisation (89)
Operation (16)
Powers (105)
Power to legislate (17)
Power of the purse (18)
Power to monitor the executive (10)
The European Parliament's role in the second and third pillars of the EU (13)
The right of petition (5)
European Ombudsman (31)
Appointment of the Ombudsman (7)
Nature of the Ombudsman's duties (4)
Powers and responsibilities (14)
Seat of the Ombudsman (2)
Seat (49)
Council (577)
Council of the European Union (504)
Composition (38)
The Presidency (28)
Organisation and operation (260)
Organisation (127)
Coreper, committees and working parties (56)
General Secretariat (70)
Operation (99)
Transparency (61)
Powers (143)
Economic policy coordination (5)
Power of decision (55)
Power of decision in Community affairs (18)
Power of decision in the field of CFSP (8)
Power of decision in the field of JHA (5)
Budgetary power (20)
Implementing powers (17)
The conduct of foreign relations (56)
Seat (38)
European Council (70)
Role of the European Council (12)
Composition (12)
Proceedings at European Council meetings (26)
Commission (273)
Composition (84)
Independence of Members (9)
Appointments of Members (51)
Termination of service (12)
Organisation and operation (63)
Organisation (34)
Operation (20)
Powers (74)
Guardian of the Treaties (13)
Right to propose legislation (10)
Executive body (20)
Negotiation and representation in external relations (12)
The Commission's role in the second and third pillars of the EU (10)
Seat (28)
Court of Justice (278)
Composition (35)
Organisation and operation (76)
Organisation (32)
Operation (18)
Powers (107)
Responsibilities (25)
Proceedings (33)
Case-law (40)
Seat (17)
Court of Auditors (128)
Composition (22)
Organisation and operation (30)
Organisation (17)
Operation (5)
Procedures (4)
Powers (42)
Power of audit (29)
Consultative powers (4)
Seat (10)
Economic and Social Committee (120)
Composition (10)
Organisation and operation (62)
Organisation (44)
Operation (8)
Powers (19)
Seat (10)
Committee of the Regions (89)
Composition (8)
Organisation and operation (28)
Organisation (19)
Operation (4)
Powers (16)
Seat (7)
European Investment Bank (107)
Composition (7)
Organisation and operation (42)
Organisation (25)
Operation (11)
Powers (22)
Seat (10)
European Central Bank (116)
Composition (17)
Organisation and operation (18)
Powers (47)
Seat (6)
Policies (0)
Financing (476)
The general budget of the European Union (297)
Revenue (147)
Expenditure (136)
Budgetary procedure (42)
Budget implementation (40)
Monitoring budget implementation (66)
Internal audit (21)
External audit (44)
Western European Union (536)
Origin and development (231)
The origins of WEU: Western Union (61)
The establishment of WEU (38)
The development of WEU (129)
Composition (26)
Organisation and operation (149)
The statutory bodies of WEU (105)
The subsidiary bodies of WEU (19)
Operational forces of WEU (16)
Activities (97)
Economic, social and cultural activities (17)
Collective defence and control of armaments (37)
Operational role and crisis management (41)
Seat (13)
Council of Europe (357)
Origin and development (55)
Composition (38)
Organisation and operation (158)
Activities (73)
Seat (19)
European Free Trade Association (0)
Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (241)
Origin and development (86)
Composition (16)
Organisation and operation (67)
Activities (48)
Seat (19)
SPECIAL FILES
Spain and the European integration process (465)
1945-1975 Franco's Spain and European integration (114)
Franco's Spain and the Council of Europe (7)
Franco's Spain and the European Communities (65)
The accession of Franco's Spain to the OEEC (5)
1975-1985 From the democratic transition to Spain's accession to the European Communities (199)
Spain's accession to the Council of Europe (15)
Spain and the CSCE process (9)
Spain's accession to NATO (3)
The negotiations for Spain's accession to the European Communities (68)
The Member States' reservations towards Spain's accession (70)
The signing of Spain's Treaty of Accession to the European Communities (17)
1986-1992 Spain in the European Communities (31)
Spain's accession to WEU (7)
1992-2010 Spain in the European Union (106)
Spain from Maastricht to Nice (8)
Spain from Nice to Lisbon (46)
Spain and European regional policy (17)
Spain and relations between Latin America and the European Union (9)
Spain and Euro-Mediterranean dialogue (12)
Spain and European security (8)
French accounts of the European integration process (329)
Georges Berthoin (26)
Paul Collowald (29)
Edith Cresson (17)
Nicole Fontaine (17)
Jean François-Poncet (20)
Jean-Pierre Gouzy (18)
Elisabeth Guigou (24)
Catherine Lalumière (27)
Alain Lamassoure (35)
Jacques de Larosière (20)
Pierre Moscovici (30)
Jacques-René Rabier (20)
Pierre Bernard-Reymond (15)
Hubert Védrine (26)
The Congress of Europe in The Hague (7-10 May 1948) (385)
Towards the 'States-General' of Europe in The Hague (56)
The International Committee of the Movements for European Unity (11)
Preparations for the Hague Congress (22)
The proceedings of the Hague Congress (150)
Practical organisation and symbols (60)
The national delegations (31)
The work of the Hague Congress (58)
The Political Committee (12)
The Economic and Social Committee (12)
The Cultural Committee (13)
The follow-up to and the consequences of the Hague Congress (172)
The establishment of the European Movement (29)
Towards the European Assembly and the Council of Europe (50)
Building a Europe of Culture' (31)
The European Centre for Culture (21)
The College of Europe (9)
The European Court of Human Rights (10)
European revival and the Rome Treaties (908)
The revival of European integration (94)
The Beyen Plan (12)
The Benelux Memorandum (13)
The Messina Conference (43)
The Intergovernmental Committee established by the Messina Conference (194)
The position adopted by the United Kingdom (20)
Franco-German relations (17)
The work of the Spaak Committee (45)
The role of the Action Committee for the United States of Europe (18)
The Noordwijk Conference (6 September 1955) (13)
The Brussels Conference (11 and 12 February 1956) (16)
The Spaak Report (21 April 1956) (22)
The Venice Conference (29 and 30 May 1956) (26)
The Intergovernmental Conference on the Common Market and Euratom (320)
The Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (166)
The implications of the Common Market (31)
The work of the Common Market Group (25)
The Paris Conference (20 and 21 October 1956) (9)
The role of the trade unions and the social provisions of the EEC Treaty (26)
The association of the Overseas Countries and Territories (44)
The EEC institutions (7)
The Paris Conference (19-20 February 1957) (23)
The Treaty establishing the European Atomic Energy Community (91)
The implications of nuclear energy (33)
Euratom and France's military plans (14)
Euratom's monopoly over the supply of fissile materials (11)
Plans for a European isotope separation plant (9)
The work of the Committee of the Three Wise Men' and the role of the United States (23)
The signing and ratification of the Rome Treaties (242)
The signing of the Rome Treaties (122)
The work of the Interim Committee for the Common Market and Euratom (61)
The British proposal for a single free trade area (48)
The Customs Union and the GATT (9)
The parliamentary debates and ratification of the Treaties (58)
The entry into force of the Rome Treaties (15)
Luxembourg and the European integration process (177)
Participation in post-war alliances (25)
Founder member of the European Communities (35)
Luxembourg Council Presidencies (37)
The European institutions in Luxembourg (39)
The Luxembourgers' role in the European integration process (33)
Luxembourg's role in the European Union (5)
The symbols of the European Union (143)
The flag (62)
The anthem (10)
The motto (10)
The currency (18)
Europe Day (25)
Austria and the European integration process (388)
The idea of European integration in Austria (23)
Austria's participation in the European organisations (110)
Founding member of the OEEC (11)
The establishment of the Council of Europe and the accession of Austria (41)
Founding member of the EFTA and the EEA (38)
Founding member of the CSCE (6)
Austria and the European Communities (191)
Relations with the European Communities (73)
Accession to the European Union (107)
Austria's role in the European Union (60)
Willy Brandt and the unification of Europe (199)
The years of exile and the postwar period (1933-1947) (10)
The early stages of the European integration process (1948-1966) (35)
European unification and the foreign policy of the Federal Republic of Germany (1966-1974) (49)
The challenges of the European integration process (1966-1974) (71)
Policy of peace and German unification (1975-1992) (19)
Portugal and the European integration process (574)
1945-1959 The post-war period and the beginning of the European venture (43)
1960-1972/74 The EFTA and the first steps towards the European Communities (81)
1974-1977 Democracy and the European integration process (94)
Portugal's accession to the Council of Europe (24)
The application for accession to the European Communities (36)
1978-1985 The negotiations and accession to the European Communities (120)
1986-1992 Portugal as a Member State of the European Communities (57)
1993-2007 Portugal as a Member State of the European Union (136)
Portugal's participation in other European organisations (17)
From the origins of the Schuman Plan to the ECSC Treaty (1087)
The origins of the Schuman Plan (335)
The inadequacy of the international organisations (51)
The international context (36)
Franco-German problems (211)
The Saar question (116)
The Ruhr question (53)
The Monnet Plan (36)
The declaration of 9 May 1950 (251)
Political endorsement (17)
The need for discretion (17)
Press conference held by Robert Schuman (26)
Reactions to the declaration of 9 May 1950 (103)
In France (31)
In Germany (27)
In the Benelux countries (25)
In Italy (7)
In the United States (8)
In the Soviet Union (4)
The Schuman Plan and Franco-British relations (87)
The creation of the ECSC (283)
Negotiations on the ECSC Treaty (130)
The signing of the ECSC Treaty (51)
Ratification of the ECSC Treaty (83)
The question of the seat of the institutions (18)
The beginnings of the ECSC (212)
The economic and social role (100)
The political role (12)
The ECSC in difficulties (38)
INTERVIEWS
Introduction (1)
Egon Bahr (17)
Pasquale Antonio Baldocci (10)
Pierre Bernard-Reymond (27)
Georges Berthoin (22)
Albert Breuer (9)
Carlos María Bru Purón (14)
Colin Cameron (29)
Paul Collowald (20)
Édith Cresson (18)
Étienne Davignon (30)
André Dubois (19)
Willem van Eekelen (39)
Hubert Ehring (17)
Nicole Fontaine (18)
Jean François-Poncet (30)
BronisBaw Geremek (19)
José María Gil-Robles y Gil-Delgado (12)
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing (27)
Bjørn Tore Godal (10)
Charles Goerens (34)
Jean-Pierre Gouzy (15)
Élisabeth Guigou (16)
Otto von Habsburg-Lothringen (9)
Jean-Jacques Kasel (8)
Max Kohnstamm (13)
Catherine Lalumière (28)
Alain Lamassoure (24)
Jacques de Larosière (18)
Hans-August Lücker (17)
José Medeiros Ferreira (13)
Manuel Marín González (12)
Pierre Moscovici (21)
Charles-Ferdinand Nothomb (8)
Bino Olivi (8)
Marcelino Oreja Aguirre (12)
Pierre Pescatore (31)
Jacques F. Poos (26)
Jordi Pujol (9)
Jacques-René Rabier (21)
Henri Rieben (6)
Charles Rutten (26)
Jacques Santer (26)
Manfred Scheich (26)
Norbert Schwaiger (24)
José da Silva Lopes (16)
Gaston Thorn (10)
Leo Tindemans (16)
Hubert Védrine (16)
António Vitorino (22)
RESEARCH AND TEACHING
Expert contributions (20)
Lectures, conferences and seminars (68)
Against Europe? MISHA junior research programme (Strasbourg, 2009-2010) (28)
First seminar: The concepts of Anti- or Alter-Europeanism (Strasbourg, 13 March 2009) (9)
Second Seminar: Spaces, regions and borders (Strasbourg, 26 June 2009) (9)
Third seminar: The role of institutional figures (Strasbourg, 16 October 2009) (9)
Europe: histoire(s) de(s) crises' round table (Paris, 22 October 2008) (8)
The origins of and developments in European governance: the impact of the Treaty of Rome establishing the EEC' forum (Luxembourg, 24 April 2007) (6)
Europa Forum: History and Current Affairs (Luxembourg, 2006-2008) (13)
Contemporary history in the digital age' Symposium (Luxembourg, 15 and 16 October 2009) (12)
University education (191)
EU Constitutional Law (Prof. Herwig Hofmann, University of Luxembourg, 2nd edition, 2010) (190)
I. The development of European integration (50)
II. The European organisations (30)
III. The sources of EU law (6)
IV. The Treaties (7)
V. The institutions (5)
VI. The types of legal acts and decision-making procedures (7)
VII. The legality of acts: powers and limitation of powers (21)
VIII. Judicial review and the protection of rights in the EU (25)
IX. The supremacy and direct effect of EU law (24)
X. EU law enforcement and remedies (6)
XI. EU citizenship and the principle of non-discrimination (5)
Secondary education (31)
Greetings postcard design project at the Luxembourg Athénée (26)
The Europa feiert seng 50. Mir wënschen&' competition comes to a close (4)